Unit
Load - "A single item, a number of items, or bulk material
which is arranged and restrained so that the load can be stored,
picked up, and moved between two locations as a single mass."
(Tanchoco)
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The results of much publicly
and privately sponsored research have been published in the Pallet Laboratory
Bulletin Series. More than 170 bulletins are available to interested persons
on a complimentary or nominal-fee basis. Topics include:
Pallet Laboratory Bulletins:
Pallet Fasteners ,
Wood Species and Pallets , Pallet
Structural Design , Containers and Bins , Wood
Properties and Pallet Recycling and Repair .
Wood Research and Wood Construction
(WRWC) Laboratory Bulletins:
Other Pallet Lab Publications:
Speech Transcripts:
Presentations:
TO ORDER: Send
the publication title and the code to Sharon Daley. Email : daley@vt.edu
| Phone :(540) 231-7105 | FAX : (540) 231-8868
**Publications in this
color are out of print and only Xerox copies are available. Minimum
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**Note: Postage and handling
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Pallet Fasteners
Strength of Auto-Nailer
Assembled Skids of Green and Dry Lumber (WRL-12)
What's New in Pallet
Fasteners. (WRL-37a - Detailed Test Data) (WRL-37)
Effectiveness of 16-Gauge
Staples vs. Helically Threaded Pallet Nails (WRL-47)
Auto-Nailed Pallets
(WRL-49)
Withdrawal Resistance
of Nails Driven by Hammer vs. Single-Blow Nailer (WRL-50)
Influence of Withdrawal
Rate on Holding Power of Nails Driven by Hammer or Machine (WRL-51)Pallet Nails in 1965.
(WRL-58a - Supplement A.) (WRL-58)
Nails - Definitions
and Sizes, a Handbook for Nail Users (WRL-61)
Nailed Versus Stapled
Light 40" by 48" Pallets (WRL-62)
Effects of Bradding
and Clinching of Points of Plain-Shank and Helically Threaded Nails (WRL-64)
Plastic-Coated nails,
A Study of Their Effectiveness I (WRL-65)
Effects of Angular
Driving of Nails on Automatic Clinching of Diamond Points (WRL-66)
Influence of Deckboard
Thickness on Performance of Auto-Nailed Pallets (WRL-72)
Laboratory Evaluation
of Stapled 48" by 40" Pallets (WRL-73)
Influence of Length
of Auto Nails on Pallet Deckboard-Stringer Separation Resistance (WRL-76)
Auto-Nailed Southern
Pine Pallets (WRL-677)
Up-Grading of Pallets
by Assembly with Hardened-Steel Nails (WRL-83)
Physical and Mechanical
Properties of Threaded Nails (WRL-85)
Quality Control for 2-1/2" 15-Gauge Senco Staples
(WRL-86)
Mechanical Fastening of Southern Pine, A Review (WRL-87) Effectiveness of Senco
Nails (WRL-91)
Lateral Load Transmission
of 2-1/2" 15-Gauge Senco Staples (WRL-92)
Plastic-Coated Nails
for Tomato Pallet Bins (WRL-93)
Influence of Aging
of Senco Nails on Their Effectiveness (WRL-94)
Effectiveness of Certain
Auto-Nailed Cleated-Plywood Container Panels (WRL-95)
Effectiveness of 2-1/2",
3", 3-1/4", and 3-1/2" Senco Nails (WRL-96)
Effective of 2-1/2"
15-Gauge Senco Staples (WRL-97)
Influence of Variations
of Test Procedures on Nail Properties (WRL-98)
Effectiveness of 2-1/2"
Fasteners in Deckboard-Stringer Joints for Warehouse Pallets (WRL-99)
MIBANT Quality-Control
Tool for Nails (WRL-100)
Staple Versus Nail
for Pallet Assembly (WRL-102)
Effectiveness of 1-7/8",
2-1/8", 2-3/8", and 2-5/8" Senco Nails (WRL-105)
Southern Pine Pallets
Assembled with Stiff-Stock and hardened-Steel Pallet Nails (WRL-106)
Nail-Reinforced Pallet
Stringers, a Pilot Study (WRL-111)
Performance of Novel
3" Pallet Nail (WRL-112)
Nail-Reinforced Pallet
Stringers, Part II (WRL-113)
Effectiveness of Senco
Cooler Nails (WRL-114)
MIBANT Test Criteria
for Pallet Nails (WRL-115)
Helically Threaded
nails with Four and Five Thread Flutes (WRL-117)
Pallet Assembled with
Helically Threaded and Helically Fluted Nails (WRL-118)
Douglas-Fir Lumber
Pallets Assembled with Stiff-Stock and Hardened-Steel nails (WRL-120)
Reconfirmation of MIBANT
Test Criteria for Pallet Nails (WRL-122)
Hardened-Steel Versus
Stiff-Stock nails in Warehouse Pallets (WRL-125)
Recent Pallet Fastening
Research Can Reduce Pallet Costs (WRL-128)
Effectiveness of Plastic-Polymer
Coated Senco Nails (WRL-130)
Performance of 2-1/2"
by 15-Gauge Pas-Kote (WRL-137)
Performance of 14-Gauge
Senco Staples (WRL-138)
Auto-Stapled Pallets
(WRL-139)
Performance of 2-1/2"
by 15-Gauge Duo-Fast Pallet Staples (WRL-140)
Performance of Pallet
Nails and Staples in 22 Southern Hardwoods (WRL-145)
The W.H. Sardo Pallet
& Cont. Research Lab The Hardened-Steel Pallet Nail (WRL-148)
MIBANT Tests on Pallet
Staples (WRL-149)
Toughness of Pallet
Nails (WRL-150)
Withdrawal Resistance
of Pallet Nails and Staples in Five Western Woods (WRL-155)
Stiffness and Rigidity
of 48" by 40" Nailed Pallets of 22 Southern Hardwoods (WRL-158)
Performance of Non-Coated
and Coated Senco Staples in European Spruce (WRL-160)
Nailed Joints in Wood Structures (WRL-166)
Performance of Pallet Joints
and Pallets Assembled with Nails and Staples (PCL-02) Stiffness
and Rigidity of 48" by 40" Stapled Pallets of 17 Southern Hardwoods
(PCL-03)Predicting
Rotational Stiffness of Nail Joints (PCL-13)Effect
of Mat Fastener Stiffness on the Diagonal Rigidity of Wooden Block Pallets
(PCL-14)Quality
Variations in Helically Threaded Nails (PCL-15)Hardness
Gradients Within Roll-Threaded Steel Nails (PCL-16)Relationships
Between the Results of Nail Impact Bend Tests & Selected Nail Material
Properties (PCL-17)Understanding
Impact Testing of Pallet Nails and Staples (PCL-18)Evaluation
of Metal Connector Plates for Repair of Wood Pallet Stringers (PCL-20)Reinforcement
of Wood Pallets with Metal Connector Plates (PCL-21)Protocol for Measuring
Quality of Pallet Nails and Staples(PCL-23)
Wood Species and Pallets
Nailed 48" by
40" Douglas-Fir Lumber and Plywood Pallets (WRL-67)
Laboratory Evaluation
of 48" by 40" Hardwood Lumber Pallets (WRL-69)
Laboratory Evaluation
of 48" by 40" Oak Pallets (WRL-70)
Report on Laboratory
Testing of PEP Pallets (WRL-71)
Auto-Nailed Southern
Pine Pallets (WRL-77)
Mechanical Fastening
of Southern Pine, A Review (WRL-87)
Southern Pine Pallets
Assembled with Stiff-Stock and hardened-Steel Pallet Nails (WRL-106)
Douglas-Fir Lumber
Pallets Assembled with Stiff-Stock and Hardened-Steel Nails (WRL-120)
Design of Pallet Deckboard-Stringer
Joints, Part 1: Aspen-Pallet Joints and Aspen Pallets (WRL-126)
Design of Pallet Deckboard-Stringer
Joints, Part II; Reinforced Aspen Pallet Joints and Aspen Pallets (WRL-133)
Aspen Pallets with
2-1/4", 2-1/2", and 2-3/4"-Wide Stringers and Aspen Pallets
with Oak Stringers and Leading-Edge Deckboards (WRL-135)
Comparative Performance
of Southern Pine Pallets (WRL-141)
Comparative Performance
of Southern Pine Pallets, Part II (WRL-142)
Timber Harvesting for
the Pallet and Container Industries (WRL-144)
Performance of Pallet
Nails and Staples in 22 Southern Hardwoods (WRL-145)
Eucalyptus Warehouse
and Exchange Pallets (WRL-147)
Impact of Environmental
and Energy Crisis on US Timber Supply (WRL-152)
Withdrawal Resistance
of Pallet Nails and Staples in Five Western Woods (WRL-155)
Performance of Warehouse
and Exchange Pallets Made of Six Western Woods (WRL-156)
Performance of Non-Coated
and Coated Senco Staples in European Spruce (WRL-160)
Performance of Red
Alder Pallets (WRL-161)
Preliminary Evaluation
of the Strength & Stiffness of Yellow-Poplar Pallet Shook(PCL-01)
Stiffness
and Rigidity of 48" by 40" Stapled Pallets of 17 Southern Hardwoods
(PCL-03)The
Flexural Properties of Eastern Oak Pallet Lumber (PCL-05)Evaluation
of Bending Strength Ratios for Eastern Oak Pallet Lumber (PCL-10)Flexural
Properties of Eastern Hardwood Pallet Parts (PCL-19)
Pallet Structural Design
The New Concept of
Furniture Skids (WRL-56)
Nailed 48" by
40" Douglas-Fir Lumber and Plywood Pallets (WRL-67)
Nailed 48" by
40" Picture-Frame Plywood-Deck Pallets (WRL-68)
Laboratory Evaluation
of 48" by 40" Hardwood Lumber Pallets (WRL-69)
Laboratory Evaluation
of 48" by 40" Oak Pallets (WRL-70)
Report on Laboratory
Testing of PEP Pallets (WRL-71)
Influence of Deckboard
Thickness on Performance of Auto-Nailed Pallets (WRL-72)
Rigidity of 48"
by 40" Lumber Pallets (WRL-78)
Rigidity of 48"
by 40" Lumber Pallets, Part II (WRL-79)
Laboratory Evaluation
of Stapled 48" by 40" Pallets, Part II (WRL-80)
Rigidity of 48"
by 40" Plywood and Lumber-Mat Pallets (WRL-81)
Rigidity of 48"
by 40" Douglas-Fir Lumber and Plywood Pallets (WRL-84)
Low-Profile Versus
Conventional Single-Face Pallets (WRL-88)
Rigidity of nailed
48" by 40" Plywood-Deck Pallets (WRL-90)
Effectiveness of 2-1/2"
Fasteners in Deckboard-Stringer Joints for Warehouse Pallets (WRL-99)
Six Leading-Edge Deckboard
Designs for Nailed Warehouse Pallets (WRL-108)
Nail-Reinforced Pallet
Stringers, a Pilot Study (WRL-111)
Nail-Reinforced Pallet
Stringers, Part II (WRL-113)
Stringer Versus Block
Warehouse Pallets (WRL-119)
Performance of 48"
by 40" Versus 40" by 48" Pallets (WRL-123)
Improved 40" by
48" Warehouse Pallets (WRL-127)
Pallet Stiffness and
Load-Carrying Capacity Determined According to Two Test Methods (WRL-131)
Improved Heavy-Duty
Pallets (WRL-132)
Aspen Pallets with
2-1/4", 2-1/2", and 2-3/4"-Wide Stringers and Aspen Pallets
with Oak Stringers and Leading-Edge Deckboards (WRL-135)
Contribution of Behavior
of Deckboard-Stringer Joints to Pallet Performance, A Pilot Study (WRL-136)
Stiffness and Flexural
Strength of Pallets Manufactured by the R&L Corp. (WRL-143)
Determination of Flexural
Behavior of Stringer-Type Pallets and Skids (WRL-146)
Pallet Strength Computation,
A Simplified Procedure (WRL-151)
Performance of Lumber
Pallets of Conventional and Improved Designs (WRL-154)
Evaluation of Improved
Stevedore Pallet (WRL-157)
Probabilistic Approach
in the Design of Wood Structures in Brazil (WRL-159)
Performance of Pallet-Component
Assemblies in Flexure (WRL-162)
Pallets with Reinforced
Leading-Edge Top Deck (WRL-163)
Standard Wood Pallets
(WRL-164)
Influence of Stringer
Width on Pallet Performance (WRL-165)
Pallet Rigidity - A
Major Indicator of Pallet Durability (PCL-04)
Development
of a Reliability-Based Design Procedure for Wood Pallets (PCL-07)Effect
of Wood Pallet Design on Structural Durability: A Statistical Analysis of
Observed In-Service Damage (PCL-08)Lateral
Collapse Potential of Wood Stringer-Type Pallets (PCL-09)Analysis
of Racked Wood Pallets (PCL-11)Predicting
Rotational Stiffness of Nail Joints (PCL-13)Effect
of Mat Fastener Stiffness on the Diagonal Rigidity of Wooden Block Pallets
(PCL-14)Evaluation
of Metal Connector Plates for Repair of Wood Pallet Stringers (PCL-20)Reinforcement
of Wood Pallets with Metal Connector Plates (PCL-21)A
Pneumatic Pressure Bag Testing Machine for Applying a Uniform Load to Panels
and Pallet (PCL-22)
Containers and Bins
Nailing of Fruit-Picking
Boxes (WRL-45)
Nailing of Quality
Boxes (WRL-46)
Plastic-Coated Nails
for Tomato Pallet Bins (WRL-93)
Effectiveness of Certain
Auto-Nailed Cleated-Plywood Container Panels (WRL-95)
Effectiveness of 2-1/2"
Fasteners in Deckboard-Stringer Joints for Warehouse Pallets (WRL-99)
A
Market Niche for Wooden Pallet Bins (PCL-06)
Wood Properties
Pallet Recycling and Repair
Strength Properties of
Red Spruce from West Virginia (EES-55)
Resistance of Hardwoods
to Compression Perpendicular to Grain (EES-57)
Strength Properties of Yellow-Poplar from Virginia (EES-59)
Limitations in Cross-Laminating Oak Under Extreme Service
Conditions (EES-66) Improved Nails for Building
Construction (EES-76)
Efficiency of Flooring
Nails (EES-78)
Wood Box Columns and
their Design (EES-79)
Wood Construction and
Assembly in Europe and Asia (EES-133)
Wood Construction in
Europe as Observed during 1961 (EES-147)
Modern Timber Construction
in Europe (1946) (EED-45)
Modern Timber Construction
in Europe II (1948) (EED-46)
The Lasting Efficiency
of Flooring Nails (WRL-05)
Some Yields of Wood Research
at VPI (WRL-07)
The L-Shaped Stronghold
Fence Staple (WRL-11)
Effectiveness of Nails Versus Staples for Fastening Underlayment
(WRL-13)
Nailed Trussed Rafter of 24-ft. Span and 3 in 12 Pitch (WRL-14)
Fastening of Gypsum Wallboard with Threaded Nails (WRL-15)
Effectiveness of Flooring Nails Versus Toothed Fasteners (WRL-16)
Effectiveness of Underlayment Nails (WRL-18)
Nails Versus Staples for Fastening Insulating Sheathing (WRL-19)
Effectiveness of Hammer-Driven Screwtite Masonry Nails in Concrete (WRL-20)
Effectiveness of Flooring Nails in Plywood Subflooring (WRL-21)
Effectiveness of Boatnails (WRL-22)
Driveability and Holding Power of Heavy-Duty Masonry Nails in Concrete (WRL-23)
Nails and Spikes in Creosote-Pressure-Treated Poles and Timbers (WRL-26)
Nailing and Jamb Assemblies of Wood Window Frames (WRL-28)
Holding Power of Large Nails and Spikes in Dry Southern Pine (WRL-30)
Nailing of Subflooring (WRL-31)
Poultry Houses with Scissor-Type Nailed Trussed Rafters (WRL-34)
Nailing of Plywood Sheathing with "Hi-Load" Nails (WRL-35) Better Utilization of
Wood through Assembly with Improved Fasteners (WRL-38)
Wood Screws for Building
Construction and Wood Products Assembly (WRL-39)
Recent Yields of Wood
Research Laboratory (WRL-41)
Nailing of Sheet-Metal
Roofing and Siding with Washered Roofing Nails (WRL-42)
Fastening of Truss Plates
with "Screwtite Hi-Load" Nails (WRL-43)
Fastening of Plywood
with "Screwtite Hi-Load" Nails (WRL-44)
Building Component Assembly
with 5-1/4" Helically Fluted Auto Nails (WRL-48)
Fastening of Western
Red Cedar Bevel Siding (WRL-52)
Fastening of Steel Truss
Plates with Threaded Nails (WRL-54)
Load Transmission by
Nails in Double Shear (WRL-55)
Effectiveness of T-Beams
(WRL-57)
Opportunities With Wood,
Proceedings of Oct. 1965 VPI Conference (WRL-59)
Fastening of Redwood
Bevel Siding (WRL-60)
All-Nailed Lumber Truss
of 60- to 80-Ft. Span (WRL) (WRL-63)
Nails in Residential
Buildings and Farm Structures (WRL-74)
Load-carrying Capacity
of Short Flooring Strips (WRL-75)
Novel Wood Foundation-Framing System (WRL-82)
Smaller Tongue for Strip Flooring (WRL-89)
The Heel Joint of Trussed Rafters (WRL-101) Mass-Produced Foundations
for Mass-Produced Houses (WRL-103)
Plate-Assembled Trussed
Rafters with Improved Heel Joints (WRL-104)
Industrialized Foundations
for Low-Rise Light-Weight Buildings (WRL-109)
Built-Up and Composite
Beams (WRL-110)
Performance of Interior
Panel and Trim Nails (WRL-124)
Probabilistic Approach
m the Design of Wood Structures in Brazil (WRL-159)
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© Center for Unit Load Design at Virginia Techbjmac@vt.edu
Pallet
Laboratory Bulletins